Tencent and Alibaba announce dividends after earnings, will SMIC and Hua Hong carry the baton next?
京東2026Q1業績直播
Key Takeaways (AI-Generated)
Financial Performance:
- Total revenues in Q1 2026 grew 4.9% year-on-year, led by key growth drivers including electronics, home appliances, and marketplace sectors.
- Non-GAAP net profit attributable to ordinary shareholders was RMB 7.4 billion.
Business Progress:
- JD.com's user base grew, with quarterly and annual active users both increasing by over 20% year-on-year, reaching new records.
- Significant sequential loss reductions were achieved in new business segments like JD Food Delivery.
- Launch of Joybuy in major European cities to expand international market presence.
- Advancements in AI and logistics, particularly the introduction of the LangzuTech Packer robotic arm.
Opportunities:
- Continuing to expand the user base and enhance user engagement, contributing to revenue growth and operational efficiency.
- Entry into additional international markets, enhancing brand presence globally through Joybuy.
Next Quarter Guidance:
- Continued investment in AI and logistics to drive efficiency and user experience.
- Focus on expanding the international footprint with disciplined financial investment to improve ROI and operational efficiency.
- Expectations of a stronger performance in electronics and home appliances in the latter half of the year.
Risks:
- Near-term headwinds including higher trading base and price hikes in electronics could dampen growth.
- Fluctuations in new business investments and adjustments to regulatory guidance could affect operational dynamics.
Full Transcript (AI-Generated)
Operator
Hello, and thank you for standing by for JD.com's First Quarter 2026 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Today's conference is being recorded. If you have any objections, you may disconnect at this time.
I would now like to turn the meeting over to your host for today's conference, Sean Zhang, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Sean Shibiao Zhang
Thank you. Good day, everyone. Welcome to JD.com's First Quarter 2026 Earnings Conference Call. With us today are CEO of JD.com, Ms. Sandy Xu; and CFO, Mr. Ian Shan. Sandy will kick off the call with her opening remarks, and Ian will discuss the financial results. Then we'll open the call to questions from analysts. Please note, unless otherwise stated, all comparisons in this call will be against our results for the comparable period of 2025.
Before turning the call over to Sandy, let me quickly cover the safe harbor. Please be reminded during this call, our comments and responses to your questions reflect management's view as of today only and will include forward-looking statements. Please refer to our latest safe harbor statement in the earnings press release on the IR website, which applies to this call. We'll discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures, and also please refer to the reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the comparable GAAP measures in the earnings press release. Please also note, all figures mentioned in this call are in RMB, unless otherwise stated.
Now let me turn the call over to our CEO, Sandy.
Xu Ran
Thank you, Sean. Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining our first quarter 2026 earnings conference call. We kicked off 2026 on firm ground. In Q1, our total revenues grew by 4.9% year-on-year, marking a sequentially accelerated pace as key growth drivers stayed firmly on track. We saw a sequential rebound in electronics and home appliances categories, while our general merchandise, marketplace and marketing revenues maintained double-digit growth trajectory in the quarter. Moreover, our profitability continued to see steady growth. JD Retail's operating margin expanded by 0.7 percentage points year-on-year to 5.6% in the quarter, nearing historical highs. This expansion achieved against a high comparison base for margin underscores our operational resilience and healthy mix shift.
Our new business segment also delivered a meaningful sequential loss reduction in the quarter, led by improved efficiency at JD Food Delivery, while Jingxi and international business maintained prudent investment discipline. Overall, we are pleased with this strong start to the year with our emerging growth drivers taking solid shape, while our profitability across all segments steadily trending upward.
Moving to our operational highlights. I would like to share 3 areas of robust progress we made during the first quarter. First, we maintained robust momentum in both user base expansion and engagement. In Q1, both our quarterly active customer and annual active customer base grew by over 20% year-on-year with AAC hitting a new record. This growth was powered by both healthy organic user growth in core JD Retail and strategic contributions from our new businesses, including food delivery and Jingxi.
Notably, JD Plus members, our most loyal and high-value user group, delivered another quarter of double-digit year-on-year growth in membership scale. Beyond scale, the quality of our user engagement is reaching new heights. Our quarterly customer shopping frequency rose by a notable 37% year-on-year in Q1, a powerful testament to the synergies we are successfully unlocking across our core retail engine and new business initiatives. This new momentum in both scale and frequency provides a solid foundation for us to further optimize the overall value of our user ecosystem. As our user base continues its rapid growth over multiple consecutive quarters, our strategic focus is clear, fostering deeper loyalty and driving the upward migration of user quality are the key next steps towards advancing our long-term growth road map.
Second, our core retail business demonstrated strong resilience in Q1. We delivered revenue growth in line with expectations while driving operation margin towards historical peaks despite notable near-term headwinds, including the high trading base and rising product prices for electronics. This performance underscores the enduring strength of our supply chain-driven model, which consistently enables us to navigate market cycles while delivering a steady upward trending performance. Q1 JD Retail's revenues grew by 1.8% year-on-year with broad-based sequential acceleration across all revenue streams.
Looking at category performance in Q1, while revenues of electronics and home appliances were down 8.4% year-on-year, this still represents a sequential improvement. Moving ahead, while we navigate ongoing external headwinds in Q2, we remain confident in a stronger performance in electronics and home appliances in the second half of the year. Our confidence is rooted in our continuous efforts to strengthen our supply chain capabilities, prioritize superior user experience and drive systemic cost optimization and efficiency gains.
Our general merchandise category remains a standout with revenue growth accelerating sequentially to 14.9% year-on-year in Q1, led by supermarket, health care, home goods, apparel, among others. Following 6 consecutive quarters of strong double-digit growth, general merchandise has contributed over half of our total GMV, solidifying its position as an increasingly important growth driver. We maintain a positive outlook for this momentum to continue throughout 2026 as we leverage our supply chain advantages and increasing scale benefits to continue to provide our users with diversified, reliable product offerings, competitive pricing and premium services. With a vast total addressable market and deepening user mind share, we are well positioned to capture the significant market opportunities ahead.
JD Retail's advertising and commission revenues have become a powerful engine for high-quality growth. We are pleased to report another quarter of strong double-digit growth in retail advertising and commission revenues for Q1. This performance served as a primary catalyst for the 18.8% year-on-year growth in our total marketplace and marketing revenues at the group level. As a high-margin business, advertising and commission continues to structurally optimize our revenue mix, providing a resilient foundation for margin expansion.
We expect advertising and commission revenues to remain an important growth driver for JD Retail throughout 2026, fueled by the following factors: our supply chain strength, expanding user base, enhanced 3P ecosystem and traffic allocation efficiency, optimized AI-powered advertising conversion and deepening synergies across our businesses.
Notably, JD Food Delivery business is already proving its strategic value. contributing an incremental 3% to advertising revenues in Q1. By effectively expanding our user touch points, food delivery is creating high-frequency monetization opportunities that complement our core retail operations. In addition to top line resilience, another compelling highlight this quarter is the encouraging expansion of JD Retail's profitability. Operating profit surged by 16.5% year-on-year to RMB 15 billion, reaching a record high for quarterly profit and driving operating margin to 5.6% against the challenging external complexities we outlined earlier.
This is fundamentally anchored in our supply chain strengths, which continue to yield expanding economies of scale and optimized procurement efficiencies. This strength fueled a broad-based gross margin expansion across our categories, leading retail's gross margin to a remarkable 18.6% in the quarter, up 1.8 percentage points year-on-year. This margin uplift was further amplified by a favorable revenue mix shift, particularly the increased contribution from high-margin streams such as advertising and commissions. We believe JD Retail's margin profile is a clear reflection of our evolving structural efficiencies, which we expect to provide further headroom for optimization going forward.
Moving on to our new business segment. We are beginning to see the fruits of our efficiency-oriented strategy marked by a significant sequential narrowing of losses and deepening synergies with our core retail businesses. In Q1, JD Food Delivery achieved the steepest sequential reduction in loss to date. While sustaining healthy order volumes, food delivery continued to improve its operating efficiency and diversify revenue streams, resulting in material improvement in unit economics. This progress underscores our commitment to rational, healthy development of the business and reinforces our clear stance against evolution within the sector. We fully embrace the regulatory guidance and will continue to align our business strategy with full compliance, prioritizing operational efficiency and high-quality growth as we move forward.
For Jingxi and Joybuy, both initiatives advanced steadily in line with their strategic road map while adhering to prudent investment discipline, Jingxi continued to deepen its penetration in lower-tier markets, particularly Tier 6 and rural townships, successfully tapping into new user growth opportunities for our platform. Joybuy has seen solid momentum since its official launch in March with order volume and user retention trending healthily. By the end of Q1, its same and next-day delivery service spanned over 30 major European cities, serving a population of over 40 million.
Collectively, the total investment in our new business segment narrowed by over 30% sequentially. This was driven by our rational expansion strategy and an efficiency-first operating philosophy. Building on this solid execution in Q1, we now have clearer visibility to further deliver on our efficiency-oriented investment goals for the new business segment throughout the full year.
We also continue to integrate AI across our entire value chain from demand identification and stimulation, 1P and 3P supply sourcing to autonomous logistics and premium customer services. In particular, we made further headway in logistics automation. In Q1, JD Logistics launched its next-generation LangzuTech Packer robotic arm. This proprietary technology is optimized for handling packages of diverse sizes and shapes as well as automated cage loading. This milestone marks the successful transition of this technology from the lab to real-world operations and enables us to significantly boost our sorting efficiency and competitive edge.
Additionally, our AI-powered digital human, JoyStreamer has transitioned from a functional tool to an intelligent AI agent with the number of merchants and live streaming sessions that utilize this technology surging tenfold year-on-year in Q1. Our goal is simple: to translate AI innovations into tangible retail experiences and sustainable value. We are well positioned to lead at the forefront of AI commerce and capture the vast opportunities ahead.
In summary, Q1 has been defined by strong execution and strategic consistency. Our performance across all segments has validated our road map, contributing to both resilient top line growth and robust profitability. With this solid foundation, we are confident in our full year trajectory and the long-term prospects. We will maintain the operational activities necessary to proactively navigate Q2 fluctuations, including a high trading base and rising product prices for electronics while fully leveraging our supply chain-driven model. Our commitment remains unwavering to scale our business by delivering a premium user experience with continuous cost optimization and efficiency gains.
With that, let me turn the call over to Ian.
Ian Su Shan
Thank you, Sandy. Hello, everyone, and thanks for joining the call today. In the first quarter, our strategic execution remained firmly on track as we delivered a resilient overall financial performance. Total revenues grew by 5% year-on-year, while non-GAAP net profit attributable to ordinary shareholders came in at RMB 7.4 billion, reflecting a strengthened sequential momentum across both our top and bottom lines. Notably, our core retail segment returned to growth this quarter while delivering healthy year-on-year profit expansion. We also recorded a significant sequential loss narrowing in our new business segment, led by consecutive loss reductions in food delivery.
Alongside our resilient financial results, we remain fully committed to shareholder return. During the first quarter, we repurchased a total of approximately 44.5 million Class A ordinary shares, equivalent to 22.3 million ADS for a total of USD 631 million. This represents around 1.6% of our total ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025. In addition, we completed our annual cash dividend payment in April, totaling approximately USD 1.4 billion or $1 per ADS. Our continuous execution of our shareholder return plan underscores our strong conviction in JD's long-term value creation.
Now let's go through our Q1 financial performance. Our total net revenues were up 5% year-on-year to RMB 316 billion in Q1. Breaking down the mix, product revenues were up 1% year-on-year, driven by a 15% surge in general merchandise, which effectively cushioned the temporary decline in electronics and home appliances against a high trading base. Both categories saw sequential growth acceleration. Notably, general merchandise has extended its double-digit growth streak to 6 consecutive quarters. Within this, supermarket outperformed by sustaining its double-digit growth momentum, which further accelerated in Q1 compared to the previous quarter.
As we move ahead, we expect the impact of the high trading days and rising product price for electronics to persist in Q2, which will temper the growth trajectory of electronics and home appliances, but we remain confident in a stronger performance in the second half of the year. Service revenues grew by 21% year-on-year in Q1. Within this, marketplace and marketing revenues rose 19%. Advertising revenues remained a key driver, posting its sixth consecutive quarter of double-digit growth. By optimizing traffic allocation and conversion, we have effectively translated robust user engagement into superior ROI for our brands and merchants, a trend we expect to sustain throughout the year. Logistics and other service revenues were up 22% year-on-year. This growth was driven by both incremental delivery revenues from our food delivery business and the robust performance across JD Logistics' diverse service offerings.
Now let's turn to our segment performance. JD Retail revenues were up 2% year-on-year in Q1. While we continue to navigate near-term headwinds in electronics and home appliances, we remain confident in a second half rebound in those categories. Meanwhile, our emerging growth drivers, including general merchandise and marketplace and marketing services are expected to sustain their robust momentum. JD Retail's gross margin expanded by 1.8 percentage points year-on-year to an impressive 18.6% in the quarter. This expansion was attributable to our enhanced supply chain capabilities, which led to gross margin appreciation across all major categories.
In addition, it also reflected a favorable mix shift as our high-margin general merchandise and marketplace and marketing revenues outpaced the overall growth. Consequently, JD Retail's non-GAAP operating income increased by 16% year-on-year to RMB 15 billion in Q1, reaching the highest quarterly level for JD Retail, with operating margin rising 70 bps to 5.6%. This was achieved through a strategic balance of gross margin expansion, marketing efficiency and increasing investment in R&D for long-term growth. Notably, JD Retail's marketing expense ratio has declined year-on-year for 3 consecutive quarters, a strong testament to the deepening synergies with our new business initiatives.
Moving to JD Logistics. Its revenues grew by 29% year-on-year in Q1, driven by incremental contribution from food delivery. On the profitability front, JD Logistics non-GAAP operating income surged by 600% year-on-year in Q1. This exponential growth was driven by technological leverage from our AI and robotics initiatives alongside broader operational optimization. In our new business, revenues came in at RMB 6.3 billion, reflecting a moderated pace due to the resegmentation of our on-demand delivery revenues from new business to JD Logistics. Non-GAAP operating loss in new business narrowed significantly on a sequential basis to RMB 10.4 billion, led by JD Food Delivery, while Jingxi and international business remained disciplined in their investments. In particular, JD Food Delivery delivered its most significant sequential loss reduction since inception, driven by its improved unit economics as we continue to boost operating efficiency and diversified revenue streams, combined with a disciplined rational response to market dynamics.
Turning to our consolidated profit performance. Group level gross margin expanded by 90 bps year-on-year to 16.8% in Q1. This expansion was primarily driven by the strong performance of JD Retail, serving as a clear validation of the structural progress that we have made in broadening and strengthening our margin drivers. In terms of OpEx, total operating expense as a percentage of revenues increased year-on-year in the quarter, primarily reflecting increased marketing spending in JD Food Delivery and higher R&D investment to fuel our long-term growth and efficiency improvement. Consolidated non-GAAP net income attributable to ordinary shareholders was RMB 7.4 billion in Q1 representing a non-GAAP net margin of 2.3%. Regarding our liquidity, last 12 months free cash flow as of the end of Q1 stood at RMB 22 billion compared to RMB 38 billion in the prior year. This primarily reflects cash outflows associated with the trading program alongside fluctuations in operating income. By the end of Q1, our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments totaled RMB 216 billion.
In summary, Q1 was another quarter that underscored the resilience and adaptability of our supply chain-driven model. We achieved a sequential acceleration in top line growth while successfully navigating a complex external environment. Both JD Retail and new business delivered robust profitability improvements and steadily moved along the strategic road map. Our scalable AI applications are increasingly transforming our core assets into a distinct competitive mode in the era of AI commerce. With this solid foundation, we are firmly committed to unlocking long-term value for our shareholders. This commitment is underpinned by our proven track record of growth, a clear trend of margin expansion and our solid shareholder returns.
With that, I will turn it back to Sean. Thank you.
Sean Shibiao Zhang
Thank you, Sandy, Ian. For the Q&A session, you are welcome to ask questions in English or Chinese. Our management will answer the question in Chinese, and we will provide English translation for convenience purpose only. In any case of discrepancy, please refer to our management statement in the original language.
Operator, we can open the call for Q&A now.
Operator
[Operator Instructions] Your first question today comes from Kenneth Fong with UBS.
Kenneth Fong
[Foreign Language] Congrats on the strong quarter. My first question is on the growth. Despite facing a high base in the first quarter, JD Retail still delivered better-than-expected growth and maintained solid performance even as overall market decelerate in March. Has management observed any shift in consumer behavior, particularly in the context of price increase in electronic categories? How should we think about the growth trend over the next few quarters? And my second question is about the margin. Against the backdrop of macro uncertainty, intensified industry competition and increased platform subsidies alongside with a rising ASP in electronic products, how should we assess JDR margin trajectory going forward?
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] Thank you, Kenny. Let me answer your first question regarding growth. In Q1, JD Retail delivered a solid performance with revenue growth accelerating Q-on-Q for electronics and home appliance while our growth was impacted by the high base from trading subsidies last year, we leveraged our supply chain capabilities and strong user mind share to win even greater trust from users, which helped us further consolidate our market leadership. For general merchandise category, revenue growth maintained a double-digit pace and further accelerated to 15% year-on-year. Notably, our supermarket category reported double-digit growth for the ninth consecutive quarter. This clearly shows that our growing user mind share in the general merchandise category.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] Regarding the impact of price hikes in the 3C and home appliance industries, so yes, due to the rising memory costs, we have seen industry-wide price hikes for smartphones and PCs since March. This round of price increases is sharp and widespread. So in short term, it indeed dampens consumer demand to some extent. At the same time, we are seeing consumer purchase are shifting toward high -- mid- to high-end models and top-tier brands. So -- but in a challenging time, JD's unique proposition becomes even more clear. We will leverage our efficiency of our supply chain to bring users a better experience in both price and service. At the same time, we'll help brands achieve more efficient sales with greater certainty. Our unique competitive edge is even more pronounced for the high end -- mid- to high-end models and top-tier brands. So overall, as a result, we believe our market position will further solidify.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] Looking at the full year, the rest of the year, in the second quarter, sales of electronics and home appliance are expected to continue to face temporary pressure. This is due to the even higher base from trade-in program last year, combined with the impact of price hikes on smartphones and PCs impacting consumer sentiment. We will continue to strengthen our mind share while helping brands achieve more certain sales.
Moving into the second half of this year, we have stronger confidence in a growth acceleration, especially for home appliance category as the comparison base returns to normal and the continuous expansion of our omnichannel sales network further create greater sales potential for home appliance category. At the same time, we are confident in the healthy growth for both general merchandise and advertising and commission revenues. JD's growth engines are becoming more diversified. This gives us confidence to deliver healthy growth for the full year even in a volatile year.
Ian Su Shan
[Foreign Language]
Unknown Executive
[Interpreted] In the first quarter, JD Retail achieved double-digit growth in operating profit. Its operating margin also expanded steadily to 5.6%. This was primarily driven by: first, gross margin expansion. For both our mature electronics and home appliances and fast-growing general merchandise categories, we have leveraged our supply chain capabilities to drive industry efficiency. While creating value for brands, we have also enhanced our own profitability, achieving year-on-year expansion in gross margins across categories. In the meantime, marketing efficiency improvement. JD Retail's marketing expense and expense ratio have seen year-on-year optimization for 3 consecutive quarters. As new businesses, including JD Food Delivery and Jingxi effectively drive traffic growth for our platform, we are allocating marketing resources with greater precision and efficiency, thereby enhancing the overall return on our marketing expenses.
Lastly, while improving our gross margin and marketing efficiency, we remain deeply committed to R&D development, particularly in AI. In Q1, our R&D expense continued to meaningfully increase and is expected to maintain an upward trend for some time ahead. We believe such investments will gradually translate to operational benefits, driving AI-powered efficiency gains and further optimizing our overall cost structure.
Ian Su Shan
[Foreign Language]
Unknown Executive
[Interpreted] Looking ahead, our Q1 performance already further validates JD Retail's ability to deliver steady margin expansion over time. So we remain firmly committed to our long-term high single-digit margin target. The key drivers of this include: first, our 1P capabilities. We'll continue to enhance our 1P supply chain strength and leverage scale benefits to drive consistent product sales gross margin expansion. JD Retail's gross margin has delivered year-on-year improvement for 16 consecutive quarters, and we believe there is still upside potential.
Second, category improvement. We see meaningful margin upside in categories, including supermarket. Additionally, as we continue to optimize the product mix within our electronics and home appliances categories, we expect further margin expansion over the long term.
Third, platform ecosystem. We have been driving the healthy development of our platform ecosystem. This will support our high-margin service revenues such as commission and advertising to grow at a robust pace, contributing to our overall margin expansion. That said, we are still at a lower take rate level compared to the industry, and we believe there is substantial potential for improvement for us.
In the long term, as China's largest retailer with supply chain at its core, JD has the industry's most diverse application scenarios for AI and automation. This presents significant potential for us to continuously enhance user experience, reduce costs and drive greater efficiencies.
Operator
Your next question comes from Ronald Keung with Goldman Sachs.
Ronald Keung
[Foreign Language] First is about international since that you've launched Joybuy across 6 countries in Europe, how should we frame the near-term investment intensity to drive a critical order volume scale? And how do you think about the longer-term impact on a kind of next few year basis on new business loss? And the ROI from this investment? And second is on AI agents, which are increasingly driving consumer search and purchasing. So how will JD leverage the unique moats as China's largest retailer in this? And what are your defensive or offensive strategies in light of agent-to-agent interactions and on partnerships?
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] Thank you, Ronald, for your question. First, on Joybuy. Joybuy was officially launched on March 16. So it leveraged JD's supply chain capabilities and localized operation. Now Joybuy partners with top global brands to offer European users a full category of products at competitive pricing. At the same time, backed by our self-built logistic network in Europe, Joybuy is bringing JD signature same and next-day delivery speed to -- that we offer in China to European consumers. Currently, Joybuy maintains an encouragingly high user rating on Trustpilot, a leading consumer review platform. Our high-quality products and excellent delivery experience are helping us winning trust of local customers.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] In terms of investment, in Q1, investment of our international business remained stable Q-on-Q as we keep improving operating efficiency over the next few quarters where we will execute our established strategy -- as our business grows healthily, the overall investment may gradually increase as well. That said, as order volume grows, the economy of scale will kick in and continuously improve our unit economics. So overall, we believe our international business investment is highly manageable and remains in line with our initial expectations.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] Looking ahead, international expansion is a long-term strategy for JD. We will steadily expand our footprint and build our capabilities. In the meantime, we will strictly maintain our financial discipline and focus on ROI to drive healthy sustainable growth. In terms of capability building, we'll focus on -- focus our investment on key supply chain areas, including product fulfillment, technology systems and et cetera. This will allow us to bring a more competitive price -- product offering to European user, improve delivery experience and further differentiate the Joybuy experience. Over the long run, this investment will translate into better user retention, unlock economic scale and drive long-term ROI. We are confident that JD's core supply chain mode, especially our highly efficient 1P model, combined with strong logistic capabilities, give us the potential to redefine industry efficiency and user experience on a global scale.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] Regarding the second question on AI, we believe no matter how technology evolves, whether AI assisted shopping or -- the essence of retail remains unchanged. It has always centered on delivering better user experience, lower cost and higher efficiency to meet users' continuous pursuit of better product, price and service. This is also the core mode of JD that we have been building over the past 2 decades of deep investment in supply chain. Today, we are leveraging new technologies, including AI and robotics to further enhance the user experience while reducing cost and improving efficiency. Let me walk you through a few examples.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] On the demand side, we are making a comprehensive upgrade with our self-developed AI agent called [indiscernible] to help us more precisely identify, stimulate and match consumer demand. [indiscernible] has provided a more efficient and convenient shopping experience within the JD app.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] In Q1, we have seen [indiscernible] demonstrate strong growth momentum with its quarterly active users growing by over 200% year-on-year, while the growth of user engagement was even more robust, increasing by over 300% year-on-year.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] On internal workflow, our procurement and sales agent can analyze front-end market demand to uncover new business opportunities and then source more suitable merchants and products. Our procurement and sales agent can also automate routine operational tasks such as merchant and product management, inventory management and marketing activities, enabling our procurement team to operate and make decisions with greater efficiency. At the same time, we have developed a suite of AI tools to help merchants enhance their operational efficiency, including marketing content generation, JoyStreamer, our digital human live streaming solution and AI-powered customer service.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] And on the fulfillment side, we are broadly deploying AI and robotic technology to continuously drive up our automation and robotics coverage. Currently, JD's LangzuTech series of robots is able to cover the entire logistics chain and has been deployed at a scale -- at a global scale, gradually delivering cost reduction and efficiency gain.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] So therefore, you can see by deploying this agent, we are connecting and upgrading individual process into a seamless end-to-end workflow, which essentially building an agent-to-agent framework. By replacing inefficient intermediary layers, we are positioned to realize a step change in the overall efficiency.
Operator
Your next question comes from Alicia Yap with Citigroup.
Alicis a Yap
[Foreign Language] As the food delivery landscape gradually improves, we understand that JD remains committed to investing in this area to drive new user acquisition and also cross-selling. So can management share whether the goal is to operate the business profitably? Or furthermore, does JD actually aim to break even at the same time as the competitors? Or does management view food delivery as a long-term strategic investment that will continue to operate at a slight loss or maybe just near a breakeven point?
And then second question is that what is management view on the future FMCG and also the fresh category landscape? So what could be the share split between the large supermarket chain, the online, the on-demand, the quick commerce? What will be the preferred models that JD want and which model will be more profitable? And then any views and thoughts on the competition landscape evolving?
Ian Su Shan
[Foreign Language]
Unknown Executive
[Interpreted] First, in Q1, while keeping healthy order volume, JD Food Delivery achieved biggest sequential loss reduction to date, with solid progress in UE improvement. On food delivery revenues, as we continued to optimize operations and upgrade advertising system, total revenues of commission and advertising surged nearly 2x on a quarter-on-quarter basis in Q1. At the same time, we maintain a rational approach amidst industry-wide subsidy competition. We continue to refine our operations and marketing efficiency across different user groups and regions. Furthermore, through supply chain innovation, we are advancing the growth of this business. We also fully implement regulatory requirements and remain committed to compliant operations.
Ian Su Shan
[Foreign Language]
Unknown Executive
[Interpreted] We believe our food delivery business will eventually achieve profitability. However, JD Food delivery is not a stand-alone business. We will be unlocking its synergetic value within our business ecosystem. On users front, first, user scale. JD Food Delivery has been driving healthy growth in traffic and user base for our platform. In Q1, both our DAU and quarterly active customers increased by over 20% year-on-year, and the number of our annual active customers reached a record high. This also contributed to our advertising revenue growth. Second, user engagement as food delivery effectively fulfills the demand of our existing high-quality users. It helped to drive a 37% year-on-year increase in user shopping frequency on our platform. Third, cross-sales. We've also seen stronger cross-category purchases among food delivery users, particularly in supermarket categories and our on-demand retail offering.
Ian Su Shan
[Foreign Language]
Unknown Executive
[Interpreted] On the supply side, food delivery also enriches the location-based supplies on our platform, spanning categories from dining and supermarket to general merchandise. This also enables us to deepen partnerships with merchants and brands. On the fulfillment side, we will be unlocking and testing synergies between food delivery and logistics fulfillment to develop a robust last mile infrastructure. This not only enhances our on-demand delivery capacity but accelerates the coordination and optimization of our overall logistics operations and management.
Ian Su Shan
[Foreign Language]
Unknown Executive
[Interpreted] Food delivery and on-demand retail are long-term strategies for JD. We will drive healthy development of the businesses through a long-term perspective.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] Let me answer Alicia's second question on supermarket. So first, China supermarket sector has a massive market size nearing RMB 10 trillion in scale, yet it remains highly fragmented. So this indicates significant room for potential cost optimization and efficiency gain as well as for the growth in online penetration. Within the supermarket category, we operate multiple models, including 1P model, which focus on delivering a reliable consumer experience, 3P platform model, which offers selection and diversity and additionally, the on-demand retail model, which has been growing rapidly on JD in recent years. So these models are not simply replacing one another. Instead, they address diverse consumer demands across different shopping scenario by emphasizing distinct advantage in efficiency, timelessness and selection.
Xu Ran
[Foreign Language]
Sean Shibiao Zhang
[Interpreted] As a B2C retailer with deep supply chain expertise, JD supermarket holds significant competitive advantage across product selections, supply chain and warehouse management, cost and price competitiveness and user experience despite intense market competition. As the largest supermarket in China, JD supermarket has demonstrated remarkable growth resilience, achieving double-digit revenue growth for 9 consecutive quarter.
On profitability, we continue to enhance the profitability of supermarket category by leveraging our scale advantage and supply chain capabilities. Looking ahead, we still see substantial runway for improvement in both gross margin and our fulfillment expense ratio, allowing us to unleash results from our scale and sustain steady growth while gradually expanding our profitability. We believe that competition in supermarket sector will ultimately return to the focus on user experience, cost and efficiency by leveraging our continuously improving self-operated supply chain capability, JD supermarket delivers better product at lower price to customers while helping brands achieve consistent and incremental sales. We are highly confident that in the long -- in the long-term healthy growth of supermarket, which is becoming a key growth engine for us in the coming years.
Operator
Your next question comes from Thomas Chong with Jefferies.
Thomas Chong
[Foreign Language] I have two questions. My first question is about the latest updates about our ecosystem strategies, including number of 3P merchants contribution as well as the outlook over the next few quarters. And my second question is about capital return. Can management share the latest updates about the return to shareholders?
Ian Su Shan
[Foreign Language]
Unknown Executive
[Interpreted] Our platform ecosystem always centers on user experience, lower cost and enhance the efficiency. By leveraging different business models, we provide the best combination of products, price and services to meet diverse consumer needs. We've made solid progress in our platform ecosystem development. Let me share a few key indicators that maintained rapid growth in Q1.
First, our active merchant base. It maintained a triple-digit year-on-year growth rate in Q1. We've onboarded more high-quality brands and industrial belt merchants, providing users with a more diverse product supply. Meanwhile, our food delivery business has also brought in a large number of quality restaurant merchants, further expanding our service scope. Second, users. We have seen positive feedback from users. The number of users who shopped 3P offerings on our platform grew at a fast pace, outpacing the growth of our total users. This also supported the fast growth of 3P order volume, which accounted for over 50% of our total orders in Q1.
Ian Su Shan
[Foreign Language]
Unknown Executive
[Interpreted] From a financial perspective, in Q1, our 3P GMV grew faster than 1P and total GMV. More importantly, our marketplace and marketing revenues have delivered double-digit growth for 6 consecutive quarters. The increasing contribution from these high-margin revenue streams continues to drive our overall profitability. Over the long term, we believe 3P GMV contribution will surpass 1P. Our platform ecosystem will become a key driver for both our revenue growth and margin expansion.
Ian Su Shan
[Foreign Language]
Unknown Executive
[Interpreted] Regarding shareholder return, in the first quarter, we repurchased a total of around 44.5 million ordinary shares, equivalent to 22.3 million ADS for a total of USD 631 million, representing 1.6% of our total ordinary shares outstanding as of the end of 2025. The remaining amount of our ongoing repurchase program is USD 1.4 billion, and the expire date will be in August next year. We expect to continue to execute our share buyback at planned pace. In addition, we announced the annual cash dividend of $1 per ADS for the year of 2025 in March and completed payment in April as planned.
Going forward, we remain committed to returning value to our shareholders through dividends and share buybacks. At the same time, we will maintain focus on achieving healthy long-term growth in business scale, profitability and cash flow. We aim to share JD's success with our shareholders in multiple ways.
Sean Shibiao Zhang
Thank you. That's all the questions we can take today. So let me just wrap up. I think we are running over time. Thank you for joining us on the call today, and thanks for your questions. If you have further questions, please contact me and the IR team. We appreciate your interest in JD.com and look forward to talking with you again next quarter. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you for your participation in today's conference. This concludes the presentation. You may now disconnect. Good day.
Details at JD.com IR
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